List of active separatist movements in North America
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in North America. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.
Criteria[edit]
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Antigua and Barbuda[edit]
- Proposed state:
Barbuda
- Political parties:
Barbuda People's Movement[1][2]
- Political parties:
Canada[edit]
- Proposed state: West Canada (Includes Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan as well as sometimes Yukon, The Northwest territories and Nunavut)
- Proposed: Independence for Alberta[9][10][11] or unification with
United States[12][13][14]
- Political parties: Independence Party of Alberta, Wildrose Independence Party of Alberta
- Proposed: Independence for Saskatchewan[15][16][17]
- Political party: Buffalo Party of Saskatchewan
- Proposed: Independence for Quebec or autonomy[18][19][20][21][22]
- Civil organization: Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, Mouvement national des Québécois et des Québécoises (MNQ), Rassemblement pour l'indépendance du Québec (RIQ), Les Intellectuels pour la souveraineté (IPSO), Mouvement de libération nationale du Québec (MLNQ), Réseau de Résistance du Québecois (RRQ)
- Political parties (secessionist): Parti Québécois, Bloc Québécois, Québec solidaire, Communist Party of Canada, Marxist–Leninist Party of Quebec, Climat Québec
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalition Avenir Québec, Équipe Autonomiste
- Proposed state:
British Columbia
- Proposed: Breaking Vancouver Island off from British Columbia to create a new province or independence[26][27][28]
- Political party: Vancouver Island Party
- Proposed: Splitting Northern Ontario out as an independent state
- Political party: Northern Ontario Party[29][30][31]
Colombia[edit]
- Proposed state or autonomus area:
Raizal State
Denmark[edit]
- Ethnic group: Greenlandic Inuit, Danish Greenlanders, others
- Proposed: Independence for Greenland[37][38]
- Political parties: Inuit Ataqatigiit, Siumut, Naleraq and Nunatta Qitornai.
France[edit]
- Proposed state:
Republic of Guadeloupe[39][40][41]
- Political parties: United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible, Progressive Democratic Party of Guadeloupe[42]
- political party (autonomist): Guadeloupe Communist Party
- Proposed state:
Republic of Martinique[40][41]
- Political party:
Martinican Independence Movement,[43] Build the Martinique Country, Péyi-A - political party (autonomist): Martinican Progressive Party
- Political party:
Haiti[edit]
- Proposed state: Zile Lagonav or autonomy[44][45]
- Advocacy group: La Gonâve en avant[46][47]
Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Nation
- Advocacy group: La Gonâve en avant[46][47]
Mexico[edit]
- Autonomist movements
.svg)
- Ethnic group: Mayans, Tzotzil
- De facto autonomous area:
Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
- Militant organization: Zapatista Army of National Liberation[48][49][50][51]
- Ethnic group: Triqui people
- Proposed autonomous area: Oaxaca
- Militant organization: Movement for Triqui Autonomy[52][53][54]
Netherlands[edit]
- Proposed: Independence for
Curaçao[55]
- Political parties: Movement for the Future of Curaçao,[56] Sovereign People[57]
- Referendums: 1993 and 2005
- Proposed: Independence for
Aruba
- Political party: People's Electoral Movement (Aruba)[58][59]
Saint Kitts and Nevis[edit]
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for
Nevis
- Political parties: Nevis Reformation Party,[61] Concerned Citizens' Movement[62]
Trinidad and Tobago[edit]
United States[edit]
- Proposed state: Republic of Cascadia
- Proposed states and/or autonomous regions: Multiple
- Political parties: Choctaw Youth Movement (defunct)
- Advocacy groups: Lakota Freedom Movement,[69][70] American Indian Movement, American Indian Movement of Colorado, International Indian Treaty Council, Mohawk Warrior Society, Red Power movement
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Confederate States of America or Southern United States or Dixie or Dixieland
- Advocacy groups: League of the South,[71][72][73] other neo-Confederate and non-confederate southern separatist groups.
- Ethnic group: Mormons
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Deseret
- Advocacy groups: Deseret nationalists (#DezNat)
- Ethnic group: Chicano Movement, Chicano
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for Aztlan[75][76]
- Advocacy groups: Brown Berets (Aztlanecas Brown Berets),[77] MEChA (Movimiento Estudiantil Chicano de Aztlán,[78] "Chicano Student Movement of Aztlán"),[75][79] Freedom Road Socialist Organization,[80] which calls for self-determination for the Chicano nation in Aztlan up to and including the right to secession.[81] Raza Unida Party (Defunct) United Farm Workers (Historically Separatist)[82]
- Ethnic group: African Americans
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Republic of New Afrika[83][84]
- Proposed entity: Includes Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, Georgia, and Mississippi
- Advocacy group: Pan-Africanists[85] Black Radical Congress, Nuwaubian Nation, Huey P. Newton Gun Club, Black Lives Matter (Factions)
- Political parties: New Black Panther Party, African People's Socialist Party, Not Fucking Around Coalition, Black Hammer Party, Revolutionary Black Panther Party, Black Riders Liberation Party
.svg){kind=small}
- Proposed state or autonomous region: Republic of New England[86]
Northwest Territorial Imperative[90][91][92]
- Racial group: White Americans
- Proposed state: Northwest American Republic
- Advocacy groups: White supremacists[90][93] Northwest Front[94]
_(%2Bgrid)_(W3).svg)
- Ethnic group: Alaskan Creoles, Alaska Natives, Americans, Russian Americans
- Proposed state: Republic of Alaska[95][96]
- Political party: Alaskan Independence Party[97]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Second Californian Republic/"New" California or autonomy
- Ethnic group: Americans, Californios, Indigenous Californians
- Advocacy groups: Yes California,[98] Californians for Independence
- Political parties: California National Party,[99] California Freedom Coalition[100]
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Texas
- Ethnic group: Americans, Tejanos
- Advocacy groups: Texas Nationalist Movement,[101][102] Republic of Texas (group)
- Political parties: Republican Party of Texas (Factions)[103]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: New Hampshire
- Advocacy groups: NHexit,[106][107] Foundation for New Hampshire Independence,[108] Free State Project
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Vermont Republic
- Political party: Vermont Independence Party[109][110][111] Green Mountain Anarchist Collective (Anarchist)
- Advocacy group:
Second Vermont Republic[112][113]
Territories[edit]
.svg)
.svg){kind=small}
- Proposed: Independence, statehood, autonomy or Independence under free association[114][115]
- Political party: Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP)
- Advocacy groups: Puerto Rican Nationalist Party,[116]Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano[117](MINH), Socialist Front (FS)
- Militant organization: Boricua Popular Army (Macheteros), Cadets of the Republic
- Proposed: Greater autonomy for the
United States Virgin Islands[118]
- Political party: Independent Citizens Movement[119]
United Kingdom[edit]
- Proposed state:
Bermuda
- Political party: Progressive Labour Party (Bermuda),[123][124] One Bermuda Alliance (Historically), Gombey Liberation Movement
See also[edit]
- Land Back
- List of historical separatist movements
- Lists of active separatist movements
- Diagolon "Canadian alt-right organization"
References[edit]
- ^ "Heated debate on Barbuda secession begins in parliament". Antigua Observer. September 25, 2020. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
- ^ "Barbuda's secession request goes to Parliament". Antigua News Room. September 11, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ a b "Cascadia Department of Bioregion home page". Retrieved March 21, 2022.
- ^ a b "Opinion: The Pacific Northwest, strong and free: On the inevitable rise of Cascadia". The Globe and Mail. September 17, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ a b "Could a Cascadian Secession Actually Happen?". Seattle Met. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Thomson, Guest Columnist John (December 21, 2022). "THOMSON: The west is going maverick… so where is the Maverick Party?". Western Standard. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Kirby, Jason (October 25, 2019). "Trudeau's victory sparks 'Wexit' separatist talk in Canada's west". Financial Times. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Cecco, Leyland; Agren, David (November 25, 2019). "Wexit: Alberta's frustration fuels push for independence from Canada". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Naylor, Dave (May 25, 2020). "POLL: 45-48% of Albertans back independence". Western Standard. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Cecco, Leyland; Agren, David (November 25, 2019). "Wexit: Alberta's frustration fuels push for independence from Canada". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- ^ "A new poll suggests Alberta is the province that most wants to separate from Canada — not Quebec". nationalpost. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ "The man behind Wexit wants Alberta to become the 51st state".
- ^ "Alberta as the 51st state?".
- ^ "LITTLEJOHN: Alberta as the 51st State isn't a crazy as you might think".
- ^ Burgess, Steve (November 11, 2021). "Please Advise! Now Saskatchewan Wants to Split?". The Tyee. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Fawcett, Max (November 18, 2021). "No, Saskatchewan, you're not a nation". Canada's National Observer. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ "Opinion | Western separatism? It's just another way for a premier to say, 'Show me the money'". thestar.com. November 13, 2021. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Dutrisac, Robert (May 14, 2011). "Sondage Léger Marketing-Le Devoir - L'appui à la souveraineté ne fléchit pas". Le Devoir (in French). Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Fournier, Philippe J. (March 10, 2023). "338Canada: Why Quebec sovereigntists are looking up". POLITICO. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ "Canada: Quebec separatist party calls for split with British monarchy". BBC News. October 26, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Bélair-Cirino, Marco (November 7, 2015). "La CAQ change d'identité". Le Devoir (in French). Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ "The One Thing That Might Save Jean Charest". HuffPost. January 6, 2012. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ Caddel, Katherine (January 7, 2023). "UPDATE: Local separatist group looking to part from Canada". Energeticcity.ca. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "B.C. residents least interested in separating from Canada, poll finds". British Columbia. July 1, 2022. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Separatist sentiment growing in B.C.: survey". INFOnews. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Les Leyne: Islanders yearn for independence". Times Colonist.
- ^ "Forget Wexit, it's time to talk about the separation of Vancouver Island - Ladysmith Chronicle". www.ladysmithchronicle.com. October 31, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Separatism in BC: the Province of Vancouver Island? | News". dailyhive.com. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Separatist Northern Ontario Party is officially registered".
- ^ "Northern Ontario's dream to secede, reborn: 'We're treated like a colony'". nationalpost.com. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "TVO Today | Current Affairs Journalism, Documentaries and Podcasts". www.tvo.org. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Aclaración del Movimiento Amen SD". El Isleño (in Spanish). March 17, 2014. Archived from the original on February 17, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
- ^ "Independencia, opción de los raizales de San Andrés" (in Spanish). September 19, 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- ^ "Marchan en la isla de San Andres a favor de la separación de Colombia". Caracol Radio (in Spanish). June 3, 2007. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
- ^ "¿Un referéndum independentista para San Andrés?". www.xn--elisleo-9za.com. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
- ^ "Autodeterminacion en el Caribe" (PDF). February 26, 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 26, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
- ^ "Greenland Steps Up Its Independence Calls as Oil Ambitions Grow". Bloomberg.com. January 11, 2011. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^ "As the ice melts, Greenland considers its future". BBC News. January 9, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^ Crowell, Maddy (April 21, 2018). "The Island Where France's Colonial Legacy Lives On". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ a b "Martinique and Guadeloupe still in turmoil - International Viewpoint - online socialist magazine". internationalviewpoint.org. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ a b Alcoy, Philippe (December 4, 2021). "France's Discussion of Autonomy for Guadeloupe and Martinique Is an Imperialist Maneuver". Left Voice. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Le PPDG proteste contre la mise à l'écart des partis politiques lors du 17ème congrès des élus". Guadeloupe la 1ère (in French). June 1, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Pro-independence candidate wins in Martinique, does not want to change status quo (for now)". Nationalia (in Catalan). January 6, 2023. Retrieved June 1, 2023.
- ^ "Residents of La Gonave Haiti call for independence of the island". Haitianinternet.com. September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
- ^ "Gonâve : A wind of independence blows on the island". iciHaiti. September 6, 2019. Retrieved September 6, 2019.
- ^ "Des citoyens réclament l'indépendance de l'île de la Gonâve". Loop (in French). September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
- ^ "Gouvernance Des gonaviens réclament l'indépendance de l'île". Vant Bèf Info (VBI) (in French). September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.
- ^ Vidal, John (February 17, 2018). "Mexico's Zapatista rebels, 24 years on and defiant in mountain strongholds". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ Villegas, Paulina (August 26, 2017). "In a Mexico 'Tired of Violence,' Zapatista Rebels Venture Into Politics". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ "Mexico's Zapatistas Have Been Rebelling for Decades". Teen Vogue. January 30, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ Tucker, Duncan. "Mexico's Zapatistas". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ "Triqui | Indigenous Peoples | Intercontinental Cry". Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ "On a Hunger Strike, the Displaced women of San Juan Copala | Intercontinental Cry". Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ "Oaxaca: indigenous protest camp eviction". CounterVortex. January 7, 2013. Retrieved June 2, 2023.
- ^ "Call for demonstrations in Curaçao and St. Maarten on Dec. 19, expected apology by Rutte | NL Times". nltimes.nl. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
- ^ "MFK Wants An Independent Curacao". Soualiga Youth. April 7, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
- ^ Leidel-Schenk, Leoni (October 12, 2012). "Partijen aan het woord: Pueblo Soberano". Versgeperst.com Curacao. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
- ^ "Movimiento Electoral di Pueblo: Pagina Principal".
- ^ "El incierto camino de Aruba hacia la independencia | NR | Periodismo alternativo" (in Spanish). January 16, 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2023.
- ^ "Independence for Nevis still on the agenda, says premier". Caribbean Net News. July 16, 2006. Archived from the original on August 8, 2006. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
- ^ "Address by the Leader of the Nevis Reformation Party Dr. Janice Daniel-Hodge New Year's Day 2022". NevisPages.com. December 31, 2021. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ^ "Freedom in the World 2013 - St. Kitts and Nevis". Refworld. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ^ a b Connelly, Corey (July 5, 2021). "Tracy: Does PDP want autonomy for Tobago? - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday". newsday.co.tt. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
- ^ a b "PNM slams PDP's plan for Tobago's independence | Loop Trinidad & Tobago". Loop News. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
- ^ "House to debate autonomy". Tobago House of Assembly. January 20, 2014. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
- ^ Connelly, Corey (July 2, 2020). "One Tobago Voice to contest general election - Trinidad and Tobago Newsday". newsday.co.tt. Retrieved June 5, 2023.
- ^ "Far-fetched as they might seem, secession movements are thriving in the NW". opb. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ "Should Oregon Secede? Initiative Seeks To Ask Oregon Voters That Question". opb. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
- ^ "USA -". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
- ^ "OST inauguration set for Friday". Rapid City Journal. December 2, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
- ^ "What is The League Of The South". League of The South. June 8, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ Weill, Kelly (March 27, 2018). "Neo-Confederate League of the South Banned From Armed Protesting in Charlottesville". The Daily Beast. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ Hayden, Michael Edison (January 27, 2018). "Violent White Nationalists Are Rallying in Florida". Newsweek. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ "New movement of religious extremists push ultra-conservative vision in US". the Guardian. August 9, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2022.
- ^ a b "National MEChA | The Philosophy of MEChA". May 17, 2011. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
- ^ "My journey to Aztlán - Freedom Road Socialist Organization | FRSO". March 4, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
- ^ "Recruitment". AZTLANECAS BROWN BERETS. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
- ^ "Defining 'Chicanismo' Since the 1969 Denver Youth Conference". KCET. March 24, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
- ^ "National M.E.Ch.A. Official Website". February 18, 2017. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
- ^ "El socialismo - Freedom Road Socialist Organization | FRSO". September 21, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
- ^ "Unity Statement of Freedom Road Socialist Organization - Freedom Road Socialist Organization". FRSO. May 6, 2001. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
- ^ Araiza, Lauren (November 14, 2013). To March for Others: The Black Freedom Struggle and the United Farm Workers. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0883-2.
- ^ "Black Separatist | Southern Poverty Law Center". February 17, 2021. Archived from the original on February 17, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
- ^ "Are US black separatist groups on the rise?". BBC News. July 11, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
- ^ "Our Work". UNITED NATION OF IFA-ORISA-VODUN. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
- ^ a b Fenster, Jordan (August 6, 2021). "Could New England secede from the union? This group hopes so". CT Insider. Retrieved June 20, 2022. "New England Independence Campaign". Retrieved October 9, 2022.
- ^ Welcome to the New England Independence Campaign. "New England Independence Campaign". Newenglandindependence.org. Retrieved March 27, 2023.
- ^ Reck, Keegan (October 8, 2021). "The case for New England independence". The Daily Campus. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ Initiative, The People’s (July 28, 2023). "Introduction". PINE Updates. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
- ^ a b "North American Republic". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
- ^ "Nazi and Neo-Nazi Flags in the United States". www.fotw.info.
- ^ Michel, Casey (July 7, 2015). "Want to Meet America's Worst Racists? Come to the Northwest". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ Gardell, Mattias (June 27, 2003). Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press. pp. 112–13. ISBN 9780822330592.
- ^ Berger, Knute. "Hate-Filled Zone: The racist roots of a Northwest secession movement | Crosscut". crosscut.com. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
- ^ "Alaska secession initiative blocked by Alaska High Court". Ballotpedia. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ Francis, Marie (September 20, 2018). "We should revitalize the Alaska Independence Party. Here's why". Anchorage Daily News. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ "Alaskan Independence Party". www.akip.org.
- ^ "Column: Meet the man who wants to make California a sovereign entity". Los Angeles Times. August 26, 2015. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
- ^ Pearl, Mike (February 17, 2016). "Meet the California Separatists Leading a New Movement to Secede from the United States". Vice. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
- ^ Jennewein, Chris (July 27, 2017). "Independent California? Backers Begin Gathering Signatures for Initiative". Times of San Diego. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
- ^ Chappel, Bill (June 20, 2022). "Texas GOP's new platform says Biden didn't really win. It also calls for secession". npr. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
- ^ Holley, Peter (October 10, 2022). "Are Texas Republicans Serious About Secession?". Texas Monthly. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
- ^ "Texas Republican Introduces Bill Calling for Vote on Secession". Rolling Stone. March 6, 2023.
- ^ "A separatist movement to pull N.H. from the United States gets a hearing in Concord". New Hampshire Public Radio. January 21, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ West, Nancy (March 10, 2022). "New Hampshire Secession Goes Down in Flames". InDepthNH.org. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ "NHexit.US".
- ^ "Inspired by the Brexit, New Hampshire group seeks secession". WMUR. June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ "Foundation for New Hampshire Independence – First Before. First Again". Foundation for New Hampshire Independence. Retrieved September 3, 2022.
- ^ "NHexit".
- ^ "Vermont Independence Party convention". Seven Days newspaper. September 2012.
- ^ "Only in Vermont?! A Vermont Independence Party (VIP) in the State House". VTDigger. August 30, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ "If at First You Don't Secede: Trump Could Revitalize Vermont Movement". Seven Days. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ Ketcham, Christopher (March 19, 2013). "U.S. Out of Vermont!". The American Prospect. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ Robles, Frances (June 11, 2017). "23% of Puerto Ricans Vote in Referendum, 97% of Them for Statehood". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ Marcos, Coral Murphy (July 20, 2022). "Statehood or independence? Puerto Rico's status at forefront of political debate". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ "The history of Puerto Rico shows that nationalism can be liberatory rather than xenophobic | LSE Latin America and Caribbean". LSE Latin America and Caribbean blog. May 21, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ "International day of solidarity with the independence of Puerto Rico". www.gp.org. November 1, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ "What Does The USVI And Puerto Rico Have In Common? A Summary Of A Stimulating Discussion On Self-Determination In The Virgin Islands". viconsortium.com. Retrieved June 9, 2023.
- ^ "'Homegrown' Independent Citizens Movement Celebrates 50 Years". St. Thomas Source. October 22, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
- ^ 1995 Bermudian independence referendum
- ^ "Poll shows growing opposition to Bermuda's independence". CNW Network. January 13, 2023. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
- ^ "Throne Speech sparks debate on Independence – Bermuda Education Network". www.bermudaeducationnetwork.com. Retrieved May 30, 2023.
- ^ Lagan, Sarah (September 20, 2022). "'Our next step is certainly to be a sovereign state' Burt tells BBC during interview". www.royalgazette.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
- ^ Lagan, Sarah (November 21, 2022). "Bermuda should 'strive' to get off list of non self-governing countries – Premier". www.royalgazette.com. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
